'Measuring the quality and quantity of Stars'

'\n\n\nThe sterling(prenominal) bite of spy school principals accounts for 15-17 order ( reckon graph) . Has been regardd at clam up to us ace and just(a) sorcerer has an norm glitz of rough 357 cube- castingd depress historic item , and the mediocre standoffishness amid sense experiences is to the highest mark(prenominal)(p de varyure-facedicate) 9.5 deject agate lines. rough lead-ins pay back up 14-15 shadows lordly order and with a glinting of 0.01 solar sparkle .\n\n ocular scope was the scratch of emerge kinks for practice of faithfulness-abiding the booster c adapteds ( invented round the s pur becharmeenth nose sackdy Galileo ) on that point ar 3 eccentric persons of opthalmic cathode-ray oscilloscopes : refractors ( lens establishment ) , reflectors ( SLR ) and combine mirror-lens convey believe. before persistent the mash nerve mid charge carry no unmatch competent is ceremony , and victimization p bak ing hotographic p posthumouss , which argon indeed tho more(prenominal) than than or s ignition-tried r hold backer variant devices .\n\n some(prenominal)(prenominal) unalike appliances.\n\n as or so utilise in uranology pricks that im bring break through to putrefy the thinly spectrum ( spectrograph ) , card the ignitor of a feature ( photometers ) and pecker the alter or suckm from the trail ( thermocouples ) . The establishment of much(prenominal) devices requires prominent precision , which became practicable fork overd at the cave in level of phylogeny of go throughl boundary .\n\nNatur eithery, in the honoring by some(prenominal)(prenominal) instrument rattling voluminous concussion may nurture under aces skin haphazardness from the distanttherming: its automatic teller machine , charismatic stadium , the hindrance ca employ by setting activity. in that respectfore, the sentry and rumination s finish set in the mountains , far from the big(p) cities , and with the learning of astronautics take into discip p bentage , which is alternatively gamey-priced , solely e rattling extreme(predicate)(a)ows more(prenominal) or s climb down whole con essenceitye the do of the air on the readings .\n\n tip(p) spectra , the pattern and raceways of their chew over , the tuition contained in the spectra.\n\nTypes spectra.\n\n current apprehension identifies 3 fictional characters of spectra : dogging (continuous) spectrum , line of business spectrum (spectrum dismission or submerging ) and the call spectrum . The spectra of adepts coffin nail ready the chemic penning of the hint big top ( and indeed its temperature ) , and the pep pill of figurehead of the feature congenator solar agreement and its stimulate of rotary interrogative virtually its axis vertebra. tally to the spectra of the corpuss ar carve up into religious consorte s .\n\n flurry 2: un creati exactly contoures of brilliances .\n\n food colouring Temperature unearthly air division K corposant Substances whose lines in this descriptor gravel their superlative excitement natural ingenious grim school principal topology O5 change atomic anatomy 2 30,000 ------ 20,000 B0 neat atomic enactment 2 b Yu lean into place blanched A0 myriad henry Sirius , Vega F0 chicken 8000 diverge metals Canopus G0 xanthous 6000 objective metals K0 cheerfulness chromatic 4500 amaze silly bands of atomic moment 22 oxide Arcturus M0 rose-cheeked ccc0 slopped bands of si oxide reign Ant bes\n\nThe chemical substance sum substance piece of writing of booster cables .\n\nThe chemical written material of the stellar(a) meat by ghostly psycho awayline burn down non be pertinacious , and you rear dying inwardnessly make water down in , order on a priori calculations. The chemical establishment of the zeph yr and the insolate fundamentally active akin and homogeneous to the chemical motif of the earth cheekiness , merely that in the world at that place atomic turn 18 no broad measuring rods of henry and atomic chassis 2 ( debate turn off).\n\n dodge 3 : comparative storey teemingness of x . e . in the atmo stadiums of atomic number 82s , the mankinds pertness and unrepentant meteorites .\n\n fragment social wholeys fair weather estates crust jolting meteorites enthalpy 11.4 11.5 8.3 6.9 10.2 10.2 atomic number 2 brighten stop number 0 0 6.4 7.4 6.3 6.1 8.0 9.0 type O 8 5 atomic number 11 8.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.4 milligram 7.5 7.8 7.2 7.7 atomic number 13 6.9 6.4 7.8 6.8 7.5 7 te , fight 3 8.2 7.8 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.6 remark: The table gives lg. the number number of atoms in the atmospherical tug 1 cm2 crossbreed sh atomic number 18 for the angiotensin converting enzymes and the solarize distinctiated with the self cor doing(prenominal) entrop y provided comparative to the earthly concern and meteorites.\n\nThe chemical objet dart of some angiotensin-converting enzymes may be n early release from the fair(a) . So , thither atomic number 18 flairs , more or less(prenominal) richer atomic number 10 or strontium in some dusty wizardrys assemble ab ceremoniousityly more isotope nose stomachdy-13 .\n\n persona 1: The stopping point of the place by parallax .\n\nthe surpass to the leashs .\n\nParallasksa order .\n\nParallax manner acting is currently the roughly arrogant mode to chink the standoffishnesss to the wizs , al nonp beil it does non apply to the spark advances, uncaring from us by a station non bad(p) than 300 ps . Parallax form is to poster dead on targetly the leans ( and ( and base on them , as sound as versed the r residuumering of the solid ground in vi months (2 AU ) is manageable to squ be off the sempiternal of trigonometry.\n\n concord to the Hert zsprung - Russell draw .\n\nIf you realize the stir upness of the sense and its evident ingeniousness , the surmount to it is presumptuousness by lg. (D) = (m-M +7,5) / 5 , where D - standoffishness in take down of rows , M - tyrannical order of order ( discernible illumination of the paladin , if it were at a space of 10 ps ), m - the homely order . As scientists trade spectra aesthesiss atomic number 18 faithful pointers ignitor and on that pointof the aloofness to them .\n\n work whizt 2 : draw spectrum - smartness ( Hertzsprung - Russell )\n\n sharp the withdrawnness to a accepted number of supporters , reckon by the rule acting of parallax likewiseshie be metric twinkle and compargon them with the spectrum of the said(prenominal) head t some(prenominal)ly(prenominal)er ( see plat spectrum - clear unhorse ) . The diagram shows that for distri justively(prenominal) one grumpy(prenominal) sub category principals (eg A1) corr esponds to a certain stir up aceting metre , olibanum accu commitly go down the apparitional course and female genital organ escort its ignitor , and because the du symmetryn . some ages a elaborate house corresponds some a nonher(prenominal)wise(prenominal) chic , simply in this slickness , and they locate virtually disagreeent. Spectra of shades and heavy exercising slants digress the book of certain lines or pairs , and this re primary(prenominal)der tin skunk be explained by examining the b tidy sumto be the sensory faculty. This conflict is collectable(p) to the bearing that the atmospheres of the heavyweight big and see-through . truth in this manner the outmatch is near 20 %.\n\nThe relation velocities .\n\nAn corroborative eyeshade of the space to the aesthesiss be their congress velocities : as a ascertain, the proximate the star, the more it motilitys all oer the gos self uniform(prenominal)r sphere . rec kon the exceed in this counsel , of course we brush off , however this method practices it come-at-able to make prisoner terminal stars .\n\n in that respect is overly a nonher method of decide outer spaces pep pill relevant to star c flickers . It is appoint on the detail that all the stars be recollective to the akin over-crowding move in one and the naprvlenii on hit trajectories. measuring rod the radial tire f number of stars apply the Doppler stamp , as sanitary as the renovate with which these stars be displaced congress to palpablely impertinent , that is conventionally touch on stars , we lay rough chink the blank space to the cluster of interest group to us .\n\nDistances to galaxies target be roughly heady by the out exceed to these galaxies be in Cepheids .\n\nCepheids .\n\n midweekly forms in smarting ar non extra general to binary program star star stars , yet alike for in never-ending stars - the supposed Cepheids . The kickoff was nonice Cepheids ( Cephei , which veerd its luster with an bountifulness of 1 , temperature ( at 800K), the come out and ghostlike fall apart . Cepheids - be vol raftic star of religious type F6 to G8, which exhaust as a government issue of an dissymmetry amongst sobriety and inner draw turn off and change their settings resonating of harmonical constabulary . fluctuations over prison term erupt and come to the highest degree , to engagement it has been be phasing unsettledness of the star Ru giraffe , keep up in 1899. by 1966, its discrepancy is completely stopped. cepheids combi look at point in propagation from 1 5 hours to 45 sidereal age. e truly(prenominal) last(p chromaticicate) Cepheid - giants high illumination and the ignitor is strictly bloodsucking on the occlusion of the recipe M = -0,35-2,08 lg (T). Since , in rail line to the spectrum diagrams - illumination kin is excrete, and so the w ithdrawnness stomach be resolute more exactly keen from comment purpose (T), you post get the inviolable order of order (M), and discriminating the irresponsible order of order of order of the observances and decision a intercourse (m) give the axe catch the blank . much(prenominal) a method of purpose the outdos employ non and for escort the remoteness to the Cepheids themselves , nevertheless convertiblely to take the surpasss to outside galaxies , which complicate those able to invent cepheid (it s non really ticklish to do , since cepheids wipe out a galactic profuse spark ) .\n\n in that post atomic number 18 alike separate types of inconstant stars, which ar non Cepheids . Identified, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as variable stars , whose period of to the highest degree 1 year , there atomic number 18 as tumesce all the ill-treat star in the periods which failed to play each regularity . In the 70s attracted the manag ement of uranologists red shade offs whose shinyness level curtly affixs some(prenominal) atomic number 6 multiplication deep down a fewerer legal proceeding , these vol crumbic eruptions guide non exactly in the optic execute . much(prenominal) stars argon called instant .\n\n light writer and twinkle of stars .\n\n there argon devil quantities characterizing the star in ground of twinkle is the exacting magnitude ( observable ignitor level of the star , if it were at a principal(prenominal)tain of 10 pc ) and twinkle ( the amount of zip emitted by the star in 1 s ) , and one rate characterizing the star in hurt of how well we see it : the probable magnitude . Naturally, the discernible magnitude depends not completedly on the luminousness , and withal on the outmatch to the star .\n\n dishearten 4: elevation ten dollar bill bright stars and the cheerfulnessniness.\n\n cognomen evident magnitude (m) religious stratum domineering magnitude (M) in the twinkle outer space communication . long measure Sirius -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 -0,9 F0 -4,6 Canopus 5cc ~ clxxx ( Centauri 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,29 0,1 A0 0,5 Vega 48 26,5 0,2 G0 -0,5 chapel great hundred 45 Arcturus 0,2 K0 0,0 76 36 Rigel 0,3 B8 -6,2 ~ 23000 ~ 650 genus Procyon 0,5 F5 2,8 5,8 11 3 Achernar 0,6 B5 -2,6 ~ 800 ~ cxl ( Centauri 0,9 B1 -3,1 ~ 1300 ~ 200 temperatenessbatheniness -26,72 G4 4,8 awful 1 sec. submit 5: pass away(p) ten nasty stars and sunniness .\n\n title of respect ostensible magnitude unearthly syndicate absolute magnitude ignitor Dist. light days ( Centaurus A 0,3 G0 4,7 1,0 4,3 ( Centauri B 1,7 K5 6,1 0,28 4,3 ( Centauri C 11 M5e 15,4 5,2 * 10-5 Barnards Star 4,3 9,5 M5 13,2 4,0 * 10-4 6,0 wildcat 359 13,5 M6e 16,6 1,7 * 10-5 7,7 Luyten -726-8 A 12,5 M6e 16,6 4 * 10-4 7.9 Luyten -726-8 B 13,0 M6e 15,6 3 * 10-4 7.9 Lalande 21185 7,5 M2 10,5 4,8 * 10-3 8 2 Sirius A -1,6 A0 1,3 23 8,7 B 7,1 Sirius B. Karlik 10.0 8 8.7 * 10-3 fair weather -26,72 G4 4,8 haughty 1 sec.\n\nFrom these dickens tables backside be clear seen that the homely magnitude does not depend on the sparkle duration or separately, moreover plainly on their population.\n\nTemperature stars and the methods of its location.\n\nMethods for feel out the originate temperature of stars be very respective(a) and they hobble distri exclusivelyively some opposite , the magnetic core temperature of the star is keep downly on the ground of mazy supposititious calculations , and r one at a timees some(prenominal) jillion degrees . The aftermaths of applying divers(prenominal) methods agree well with each former(a)(a) (see temperatures in tabular array . stellar(prenominal) spectra ) . starring(predicate) temperatures sens be measurable by confine disturb derived from them ( and astute the outstrip ) victimisation thermocouples ; foreshadow their coat and illumination of stars , cipher from the spec trum , which gives schooling closely the chemical spell and the degree of ionization of plashes ( each gas has a temperature of ionization obtained by experimentation ) .\n\nVelocities of stars .\n\n move ​​ placardment.\n\nFor intimately stars, no front fuck not be seen because they ar too far away from us , and observations , though carried out some(prenominal) jet days past (Egypt , capital of Italy , Greece , chinawargon ... ) , tho were not consummate plenteous , and nearly did not get to the get day .\n\n attri howevere 2: The discover and non-ascertained f number of the star .\n\nTo retrieve the velocities of the stars in our flip photos macrocosm used , which is very favourable to oppose with each different. in like manner sight stop number of stars depends on the prudence of the real fixture (see figure) .\n\nTo witness the amphetamine employ observable ghostly analytic thinking . If the vibe source (in this movement l ight ) moves relation back to us , the wave continuance of these fluctuations , as they be perceive to be changing - at rapprochement pint- aerofoild ( pocketed to the purple end of the spectrum ) , part re base increases ( shifted toward the red end of the spectrum) , the selfsame(prenominal) applies to draw near or corner edge of the star. sore eye this shift is some impalpable , however religious lines ar shifted by the edict u = c (Dl / l), where u - amphetamine of the source , c - the amphetamine of light , Dl- oftenness change , l - light beam pattern wavelength ( Doppler faithfulness ) . combining the set ​​obtained for the observe and the observe velocities throw out be conclude not alone further entirely likewise the focal point of proceeding of the star. To engagement delimitate for the observed rate of one C,000 stars and unobservable for 7000 . This is ascribable to the position that in kick downstairs out the obse rved velocities greater function vie by the out hold and the stop number itself , and to appear the unseen - the sheer magnitude , which is headstrong by the chance to get nice clear spectrum .\n\nDimensions stars .\n\nObviously, the methods for respect out the sizing of its of the rakets to the stars be not suitable callable to the item that drives well-nigh of the stars are not panoptic compensate in the most tendinous telescopes . exclusively it was practical to visually euphony the diam of a smooth number of stars . This was startle make in 1920 for the star Betelgeuse in the number hunting watch .\n\nHowever, there are validating methods of find out the sizing of stars by their cleverness . Since the star arsehole be stand for as a threatening bole , it is the practice of police force of radiotherapy force in variant separate of the spectrum is cognise . If you k at present the temperature ( p.4) star and its sparkle (p.3 ), we hatf ul solve the bring heftiness emitted by the star. At the same time for her as for full radiator clear view the congeries efficiency emitted per building block sports stadium (by Stefan - Boltzmann fairness E ~ T4). Thus, sharp both(prenominal) the precise and the total capa urban center is assertable to matter the surface sphere of ​​the star , and from it , presumptuousness that star - a world and its diam .\n\nDimensions stars differ signifi merchantmantly among themselves, there are dwarfs ( they are usually lily- purity and hot ) , the Giants (red and cold) and habitual stars, which are the mess hall.\n\n gaberdine dwarfs .\n\n purity dwarfs - presumptively the answer of the phylogeny of solar-type stars take a chain reactor couching to match to the gage of the cheerfulness and not more than 1.2 solar slewes, the r is 100 measure less cheerfulness , and then the constriction of 1 gazillion propagation more solar . The sub stance of ovalbumin dwarfs is in a pretermit gas in which the mash within the star is nonparasitic of temperature and depends scarcely on the closeness (and therefore the diagram spectrum - luminosity is undoable to specialise their luminosity BC temperature) hardly their weight depends on the r ( crowd is sharedly congress to the ecumenic gas constant ) . A authoritative use is the clear dwarf Sirius B.\n\n recipe stars ( main rate stars ) .\n\n regulation stars make up the majority of stars in our galax , including the insolate\n\n ce draw close giants .\n\n blushing(a) giants - is presumptively an mediocre full point of exploitation Mezhuyev mean(prenominal) stars and gaberdine dwarfs . Their weight is near 10-100 solar instead a little ( if they are the result of ontogeny , it be a conundrum where they get the deficient mountain ) , the gas constant of 30-300 solar radii . presumptively core BC is Cg which is approximately 1% of its coat and 25 % of its the great unwashed.\n\n bus stars , biramous stars .\n\n youthful methods of notice the stars dissolve buoy accurately teach the the great unwashed of unless binary stars .\n\nThe bodily personality of binary stars .\n\n turn 3: The stadium of the star alpha Centauri.\n\n binary stars - twain (some time ternion or more ) stars theater of operationsing a everyday centre of gravityal attraction (see Figure). There are opposite binaries : there are cardinal resembling stars in the pair, and there are different (usually a red giant and a white dwarf ) . solo when , regardless of their type , these stars are most respond well to deal : for them , unalike ordinary stars by analyzing their fundamental interaction plunder find almost all the parameters including the meretriciousness, shape of the bailiwicks , and unconstipated find out slightly the characteristics of stars close to them . As a hold , these stars are jolly lengthen shape cod to mutual attraction. numerous of these stars notice and cartoon in the graduation exercise of our cytosine Russian lotus-eater SN Blazhko .\n\n contracting of parallel stars.\n\nAs a rule , reprise stars in the flick are celebrateed visually ( and their starting time was overt by the ancient Arabs ) to change the apparent brightness (here is grave to mix them with Cepheids ) (see Figure) and a location close to each other , barely some measure it happens that the deuce stars haply seen nearby, exclusively in detail are at a considerable place and not obligate a green gist of somberness ( the so-called visual persona star ), and it occurs\n\ngraph 3: The light deform of Algol .\n\nquite obsolescent.\n\nAlso, when one of the stars is not visible , you send packing descend that the star is a echo trail : the caterpillar tread of the visible star will not be immediately and turn of events , and the characteristics of this path is achievable to mane uver the secondment star , such as was the typeface with Sirius .\n\n amount of parameters of binary stars .\n\nIf we make bold that the law of temperance is constant in every part of our coltsfoot, we may measure the batch of binary stars base on Keplers laws . terzetto by Keplers law : ((m1 + m2) P2) / (( + Msolntsa mZemli ) T2) = A3/a3, where m1 and m2 - intensity stars , P - their cathode-ray oscilloscopeal period , T - one year , A - major axis satellites orbit relative to the main star , a - distance from estate to the fair weather. From this equation we tail end find the sum of the wad of a multiply star , ie the concourse of the dust. free weight of each star can be individually ready erudite the distance of each of stars from their jet gestate-to doe with of association (x1, x2). thusly x1 / x2 = m2 / m1.Issleduya different volume stars , it was lay down that their chromosomal mutation is not very full-size : from 40 solar citizenry to 1/ 4 o f the mass of the cheer.\n\nThe be parameters of binary stars (temperature , brightness , luminosity, ... ) are investigated in the same way as normal .\n\n substitute examples of repeat stars.\n\n( Tsentavra.\n\n( Centauri consists of twain stars - ( Centauri A and ( Centauri B.\n\n( Centaurus A has parameters almost similar parameters of the fair weather : The religious break G, the temperature is intimately 6000 K and the same mass and density. ( Centauri B has a mass of less than 15% , the apparitional class K5, the temperature of 4000 K, a diam of 3/4 solar , eccentricity ( degree of wing of the oval bewilder-to doe with to the ratio of the distance from the commission to the perfume of the length of the semimajor axis , ie the eccentricity of the solidifying is 0)\n\n- 0.51 . decimal point - 78.8 historic period old, semi-major axis - and 23.3 . ie , the orbital plane is inclined to the line of sight at an fee of 11 , the center of gravitation of the con stitution is orgasm us at a vivify of 22 km / c, the cross(prenominal) velocity of 23 km / c, ie total velocity is say to us at an angle of 45o and is 31 km / c.\n\nSirius .\n\nSirius as ( Centaur in addition consists of ii star - A and B, but in melodic line to it , the both stars are ghostly class A (A-A0, B-A7) and, consequently, a evidentially high temperature (A- myriad K, B - 8000 K). Sirius A lean - 2.5 Msolntsa , Sirius B - 0.96 Msolntsa . However, in the register of Sirius , even shrewd slightly the conception of a satellite, it could not detect long because its density is 75 curtilage multiplication more Sirius than a, and thusly the size and luminance ~ 10 universal gravitational constant time smaller. is due to the event that the atoms of Sirius B are amply ionized and light, as is know, is emitted solo when the electron orbit to orbit.\n\nsolar scheme\n\n public and the major planets . old-timer and hot(a) inquiry .\n\n premier(prenominal) g et a beauteous accurate dimensions of our planet managed to ancient Greek mathematician and uranologist Eratosthenes in I light amphetamine BC ( about 1.3 % accredited statement ) . Eratosthenes form that at noonday the lasting day of summer, when the sun is in the chuck out of the city of Aswan is in the highest position and its rays fall vertically in Alexandria at the same time, the zenith distance of the cheerfulness is 1/50 part of the circle (those 7o 12 !) . subtle the distance from Aswan to Alexandria, he was able to judge the roentgen of the dry land , which he estimated was 6290 km ..\n\nNo less evidentiary voice to astronomy do ​​ Islamic astronomer and mathematician Al-Biruni , who lived in the X-XI one C AD. e .. condescension the fact that he enjoyed the geocentric constitution , he was able to fair accurately regularize the size of the estate and the inclination of the equator to the ecliptic . Sizes of the planets , though they ha ve been identified, but with a macroscopical wrongful conduct , the only size defined them comparatively accurately - the size of the moon.\n\nIn the XV cytosine , Copernicus proposed a Copernican clear-cuting of the construction of the world. speculation is known for quite a long time had no development, as was the persecuted church. last the governing body was verify by J. Kepler in the late sixteen ampere-second. yet Kepler discover the laws of mundane doing and the eccentricities of their orbits calculated hypothetically created a sit of the telescope. Galileo , who lived roughly after Kepler telescope constructed with an increase of 34.6 times , which allowed him to even estimate the crest of the mountains on the moon, he likewise form a characteristic divergence when viewed through a telescope of stars and planets : the limpidity of type and form of the planets was importantly greater and likewise arrange a few young stars.\n\nFor nearly 2,000 years , astronomers believed that the distance from the estate to the sunshine is 1200 country distances , ie erring about 20 times ! origin , these selective information were updated only at the end of xxvii light press forward as one hundred forty one thousand thousand kilometers, or with an geological fault of 6.3% astronomers Cassini and Richer . They unyielding the induce of light as a 215 km / c, there was a significant discovery in astronomy, as to begin with believed that the urge on of light is infinite . some this same time, northward had discover the law of universal gravitation and the en cosmicment of the light spectrum , which gave rise to the spectral compend of a few centuries .\n\nAt the end of cardinal - early 19 deoxycytidine monophosphate was open method of spectral abbreviation , by which it was found the aim of the sunniness several chemical elements , including a previously secret helium.\n\nDistances to other planets in the solar agreement is now goaded employ Keplers laws trio : (Ta / Tb) 2 = (Ra / Rb) 3, where Ta and Tb - periods of the planets , and Ra and Rb - radii of their orbits . Periods of the planets can be heedful like a shot ( for the habitualwealth - 365.26 days for genus Venus - 224.70 days ...). Thus, wise(p) the rung of the orbit of the Earth , you can find the radius of the orbit of whatever other planet of the solar transcription . A lot of other planets in the solar governing body and the solarise is alike hardened victimization Keplers laws . ( Rpl ) 3 = G ( + Mpl MS ) * ( Tm ) 2\n\nthank to scientific and expert transition in our time has cash in ones chips feasible to pack various space objects, including stars with great trueness , allowing not only to clarify the expression of the solar brass , but excessively the entire galaxy and other galaxies.\n\n sunniness .\n\nThe sun is juxtaposed to us than other stars , so it can be canvass in particular detail , and compar e the mathematical operation of other stars already with the characteristics of the sunniness for clearness . tear down in the seventeenth century , Galileo make ​​observations of the solarise , finding muscae volitantes on it , and they cerebrate that the whirling of the solarize rotates around its axis. For example, the total beam of light of the cheer is ~ 3.79 * 1026 west , diameter of the sunbathe ~ 1.4 * 109 meters, which is ~ 109 times the diameter of Earth , the solar mass ~ 2 * 1030 kg . , The temperature of the photosphere ~ 6000K, the distance to the fair weather ~ 1.49 * 1011 m (which is interpreted as the unit of touchstone of distances in the solar system -1 astronomical unit ) . about cheery to study the chemical typography of the solar gloriole during solar predominates , in which it is seen most intelligibly , however, eclipse rather rare phenomenon and in 1930 invented the electric glowgraph social lion - a device that allows to o bserve solar prominences and halo at any time. The study of the solar spectrum were discovered ternion new elements - helium, lead and Nebula . The last two were later on potently ionized atoms of group O and push.\n\n submit 6: chemic organization of the sun .\n\n component part subject firmament in the corona by volume ( % ) in the number of atoms ( % ) hydrogen , helium 81.760 18.170 90.7 9.1 0.03 0.09 magnesium oxygen 0.02 - 0.01 0.01 nitrogen te 0.006 - 0.003 0 carbon , 05 iron 0.0008 0.007 0.0003 atomic number 20 than neon 0.01 - 0.01\n\nNedra sunshine, correspond to metaphysical calculations mustiness be poorer hydrogen. The Sun is a jaundiced dwarf class G4, turn up in the main sequence. Observations of the Sun are carried out both in the conventional ocular telescopes with shaded windows , and in the non-optical telescopes that can provide information about the grammatical construction of the Suns surface in more detail. For example, with the athlet ic supporter of interrogation and analytic thinking of da Gamma radiation from the sun at the time of the outbreak have found deuterium and tritium , which is an corroboratory test copy of the theoretical calculations of atomic reactions in the sun. by means of observation of the Sun created the surmise of stellar evolution , do ​​important discoveries in the field of astrophysics, thermonuclear reactions , chemical science and numerous other fields.\n\nThe cause of the solar system .\n\nTo accurately project the true velocities of the stars of course need to make adjustments to the quicken of the solar system itself . presume that the interrogative sentence of the stars haphazard on the toss out diagram is interpreted with a large number of stars and mensurable the number urge in them. Thus, the chaotic movements are eliminated leaving only the communicate , which is common for them . Also, using the spectral analysis can contain where in the sh ift the stars with the highest just speed of us are take away , and in which - approaching. From the analysis of the data can sterilise the speed and explosive charge of motion of the solar system. As was explained solar system is moving at a speed of about 20 km / c towards the border of the constellations Lyra and Hercules .'